Exploring the Motivations and Personality Traits of Pro-Russian Collaborationists in Ukraine.

This study investigates the personality traits and motivations of collaborationists with Russian invaders in Ukraine. A focus group of individuals who knew collaborationists personally identified 14 collaborationism motives (CMs), which were used to interview 104 probation clients convicted of collaborationism. The study utilized the five-factor model developed by Costa and McCrae to evaluate individual characteristics. Categorical principal component analysis (CATPCA) reduced the 14 CMs to three dimensions: pragmatism, adaptation, and fear. The study found that individual factors promoting collaborationism included pragmatism, ideological adaptation to changing realities, and fear stemming from threats to the life and health of an individual and/or their relatives. The study provides insights into the psychology of collaborationism, which can be useful in designing resocialization programs during the probation period of collaborationists.

Lifestyles of Spanish elders from supervened SARS-CoV-2 variant onwards: A correlational research on life satisfaction and social-relational praxes.

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the influence and measurement of the relationship and interaction between the elderly lifestyles after the appearance of the SARS-CoV-2 variant and the factors analyzed comprised life satisfaction levels, social relationships, and daily-life activities. Methods: The study population was ≥ 65 in Castile-La Mancha (N = 390,221). The research design was quantitative and arose from primary data collected via an ad hoc survey carried out through the Computer Assisted Telephone Interview system by randomly stratified sampling. The sample size was made up of 1,065 cases, and the participants were selected through a random sampling stratified by gender quotas (55.40% women; 44.60% men), age ( x ¯   =   76 . 56 ), province, and habitat size. Results: The results obtained revealed two main lifestyles, from which a notable behavioral change in personal relationships led to infer toward alternative lifestyles. Conclusion: Notwithstanding the variation in lifestyles of the elderly after the pandemic, certain relationships remained unaltered. Thus, from the analyzed variables, relatives and friends relationships were scarcely influenced by the supervened incident.

Behavioural Development of Three Former Pet Chimpanzees a Decade after Arrival at the MONA Sanctuary.

Chimpanzees used as pets and in the entertainment industry endure detrimental living conditions from early infancy onwards. The preferred option for ending their existence as pet or circus chimpanzees is their rescue and transfer to a primate sanctuary that will provide them with optimal living and social conditions, so that they can thrive. In this case study, we had the rare opportunity to compare the activity budgets of three chimpanzees from their time as pets in 2004 to their time living at the MONA sanctuary in 2020, after almost a decade in the centre. We found their behaviour patterns changed in accordance with the sanctuaries' rehabilitation objectives. Resting periods increased considerably while vigilance simultaneously declined sharply. Moreover, the chimpanzees' social competence increased as allogrooming became the predominant social behaviour, and agonistic interactions diminished even though they were living within a larger social group at the sanctuary. All three chimpanzees expanded their allogrooming and proximity networks at the sanctuary, which included new group members, but they maintained the closest relationships to those conspecifics who they were rescued with. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the sanctuary environment and social group setting made it possible for these three chimpanzees to improve their social competence and increase their well-being over time.

Altered dorsal functional connectivity after post-weaning social isolation and resocialization in mice.

BACKGROUND: Social isolation (SI) leads to various mental health disorders. Despite abundant studies on behavioral and neurobiological changes induced by post-weaning SI, the characterization of its imaging correlates, such as resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC), is critically lacking. In addition, the effects of resocialization after isolation remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effects of 1) SI on cortical functional connectivity and 2) subsequent resocialization on behavior and functional connectivity. METHODS: Behavioral tests were conducted to validate the post-weaning SI mouse model, which is isolated during the juvenile period. Wide-field optical mapping was performed to observe both neuronal and hemodynamic signals in the cortex under anesthesia. Using seed-based and graph theoretical analyses, RSFC was analyzed. SI mice were then resocialized and the array of behavior and imaging tests was conducted. RESULTS: Behaviorally, SI mice showed elevated anxiety, social preference, and aggression. RSFC analyses using the seed-based approach revealed decreased cortical functional connectivity in SI mice, especially in the frontal region. Graph network analyses demonstrated significant reduction in network segregation measures. After resocialization, mice exhibited recovered anxiogenic and aggressive behavior, but RSFC data did not show significant changes. CONCLUSIONS: We observed an overall decrease in functional connectivity in SI mice. Moreover, resocialization restored the disruptions in behavioral patterns but functional connectivity was not recovered. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report that, despite the recovering tendencies of behavior in resocialized mice, similar changes in RSFC were not observed. This suggests that disruptions in functional connectivity caused by social isolation remain as long-term sequelae.

Anhedonic Type Behavior and Anxiety Profile of Wistar-UIS Rats Subjected to Chronic Social Isolation.

Chronic Social Isolation (CSI) is a model of prolonged stress employed in a variety of studies to induce depression and anxious behavior in rats. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of CSI on male Wistar rats in terms of "anhedonic-type" behavior in the Sucrose Preference Test (SPT) and anxiogenic profile in the elevated-plus-maze (EPM) test, as well as evaluating the effect of resocialization upon sucrose consumption. A total of 24 adolescent male Wistar rats were evaluated. The animals were housed either together (communally) or socially isolated for 21 days, and then exposed for four consecutive days to the SPT test [water vs. a 32% sucrose solution (SS)]. Four days later, they were again subjected to the SPT test (32% vs. 0.7% SS), and then tested on the EPM apparatus 3 days later. Following the completion of the anxiogenic profile of the model, the animals were resocialized for 72 h and then re-tested once again using the SPT (32% vs. 0.7% SS). Twenty-four hours after this final consumption, the animals were euthanized to record the weight of their adrenal glands (AG). It was found that exposure to CSI produces anhedonic-type behavior and an anxiogenic profile in adolescent male rats, as evidenced in both the SPT and EPM tests, as well as in the animals' physiological stress response. It was also demonstrated that resocialization does not reverse the anhedonic-type behavior, nor the physiological response to stress.

Social isolation impairs the prefrontal-nucleus accumbens circuit subserving social recognition in mice.

Although medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is known to play important roles in social behaviors, how early social experiences affect the mPFC and its subcortical circuit remains unclear. We report that mice singly housed (SH) for 8 weeks after weaning show a social recognition deficit, even after 4 weeks of resocialization. In SH mice, prefrontal infralimbic (IL) neurons projecting to the shell region of nucleus accumbens (NAcSh) show decreased excitability compared with group-housed (GH) mice. NAcSh-projecting IL neurons are activated when GH mice encounter a familiar conspecific, which is not observed in SH mice. Chemogenetic inhibition of NAcSh-projecting IL neurons in normal mice impairs social recognition without affecting social preference, whereas activation of these neurons reverses social recognition deficit in SH mice. Our findings demonstrate that early social experience critically affects mPFC IL-NAcSh projection, the activation of which is required for social recognition by encoding information for social familiarity.

"Live together, die alone": The effect of re-socialization on behavioural performance and social-affective brain-related proteins after a long-term chronic social isolation stress.

Loneliness affects group-living mammals triggering a cascade of stress-dependent physiological disorders. Indeed, social isolation stress is a major risk factor for several neuropsychiatric disorders including anxiety and depression. Furthermore, social isolation has a negative impact on health and fitness. However, the neurobiological consequences of long-term chronic social isolation stress (LTCSIS) manifested during the adulthood of affected individuals are not fully understood. Our study assessed the impact of LTCSIS and social buffering (re-socialization) on the behavioural performance and social-affective brain-related proteins in diurnal, social, and long-lived Octodon degus (degus). Thereby, anxiety-like and social behaviour, and social recognition memory were assessed in male and female animals subjected to a variety of stress-inducing treatments applied from post-natal and post-weaning until their adulthood. Additionally, we evaluated the relationship among LTCSIS, Oxytocin levels (OXT), and OXT-Ca2+-signalling proteins in the hypothalamus, the hippocampus, and the prefrontal cortex. Our findings suggest that LTCSIS induces anxiety like-behaviour and impairs social novelty preference whereas sociability is unaffected. On the other hand, re-socialization can revert both isolation-induced anxiety and social memory impairment. However, OXT and its signalling remained reduced in the abovementioned brain areas, suggesting that the observed changes in OXT-Ca2+ pathway proteins were permanent in male and female degus. Based on these findings, we conclude degus experience social stress differently, suggesting the existence of sex-related mechanisms to cope with specific adaptive challenges.

Menores infractores y procesos educativos: análisis cualitativo desde la perspectiva de los actores en Santander Colombia / Minor Offenders and Educational Processes: Qualitative Analysis from the Perspective of Actors, in Santander, Colombia

Resumen El Sistema de Responsabilidad Penal para Adolescentes (SRPA) en Colombia es un sistema penal diferenciado fundamentado en la resocialización, restitución de de rechos e inclusión educativa. Este artículo analiza los procesos de educación de la Fundación Hogares Claret, operario del SRPA en Santander. Es de resaltar que, el proceso educativo requiere un modelo pedagógico propio acorde al perfil de los jóvenes, así como la revisión de los criterios de selección y la calidad de los profesores y las instituciones educativas.

Abstract The Criminal Responsibility System for Adolescents (SRPA) in Colombia is a diffe rentiated criminal system based on resocialization, restitution of rights, and educa tional inclusion. This article discusses the education processes at the Hogares Claret Foundation, operator of SRPA, in Santander. It should be noted that the educational process requires its own pedagogical model according to the profile of young people, as well as the revision of the selection criteria and the quality of teachers and educational institutions.

Corrigendum: Sincerity Is in the Eye of the Beholder: Using Eye Tracking to Understand How Victims Interpret an Offender's Apology in a Simulation of Victim-Offender Mediation.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00835.].

Efectos de la aplicación del Programa de Enriquecimiento Instrumental sobre un grupo de jóvenes infractores / The Effects of Applying the Instrumental Enrichment Program to a Group of Juvenile Offenders / Efeitos da implementai em um grupo de jovens infratores

Resumen Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar los efectos de la aplicación del Programa de Enriquecimiento Instrumental (PEI) de Reuven Feuerstein sobre un grupo de jóvenes infractores en proceso de resocialización de la Fundación El Faro del municipio de San José de Cúcuta, Colombia. Corresponde a un estudio cualitativo de nivel descriptivo enmarcado en la orientación epistemológica del paradigma interpretativo. En el estudio participaron diez jóvenes en proceso de resocialización con diversas características y limitaciones; para la intervención y recolección de información se utilizaron los instrumentos de relaciones virtuales, comparaciones y relaciones espaciales del PEI junto al diario de campo. Los resultados presentados desde la perspectiva cualitativa muestran un conjunto de cambios en las estructuras cognitivas de los jóvenes sujetos a intervención, es decir, sobre las funciones cognitivas y las operaciones mentales, aunque algunos factores limitaron la mediación como el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y el ambiente del centro de rehabilitación. La evidencia permite concluir que son significativas las potencialidades del programa cognitivo y la Experiencia de Aprendizaje Mediado -EAM- como se señalan en otros estudios sobre los diferentes ámbitos de aplicación de la teoría de la Modificabilidad Estructural Cognitiva.

Abstract The objective of this research was to analyze the effects of applying Reuven Feuerstein's Instrumental Enrichment (FIE) Program to a group of juvenile offenders during a resocialization process by Fundación El Faro in the municipality of San José of Cucuta, Colombia. It corresponds to a qualitative, descriptive study framed within the epistemological orientation of the interpretative paradigm. Ten young people with various characteristics and limitations participated in the resocialization process. Virtual relationship instruments, comparisons and FIE spatial relationships were used in the intervention and for information collection, along with the field log. The results presented from a qualitative perspective show a set of changes in the cognitive structures of young people subject to intervention. That is, cognitive functions and mental operations changed, although some factors limited mediation, such as psychoactive substance consumption and the environment within the rehabilitation center. The evidence allows concluding that the Mediated Learning Experience (MLE) and the program's cognitive potentials are significant, as indicated in other studies on the different environments in which the Structural Cognitive Modifiability Theory is applied.

Resumo Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar os efeitos da aplicação do Programa de Enriquecimento Instrumental (PEI) de Reuven Feuerstein num grupo de jovens infratores em processo de ressocialização da Fundação El Faro do município de San José de Cúcuta, Colômbia. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo de nível descritivo enquadrado na orientação epistemológica do paradigma interpretativo. Participaram do estudo dez jovens em processo de ressocialização, com diversas características e limitações. Para a intervenção e coleta de informações, foram utilizados os instrumentos de relações virtuais, comparações e relações espaciais do PEI, juntamente com o diário de campo. Os resultados apresentados na perspectiva qualitativa mostram um conjunto de mudanças nas estruturas cognitivas dos jovens sujeitos à intervenção, ou seja, nas funções cognitivas e nas operações mentais, embora alguns fatores tenham limitado a mediação, como o consumo de substâncias psicoativas e o ambiente do centro de reabilitação. As evidências permitem concluir que as potencialidades do programa cognitivo e da Experiência de Aprendizagem Mediada -EAM- são significativas, conforme apontado em outros estudos nas diferentes áreas de aplicação da teoria da Modificabilidade Estrutural Cognitiva.

Sincerity Is in the Eye of the Beholder: Using Eye Tracking to Understand How Victims Interpret an Offender's Apology in a Simulation of Victim-Offender Mediation.

The objective of this study was to gain insights into how victims use their visual attention to determine the sincerity of an offender's apology during simulated victim-offender mediation. We hypothesized that the victims' visual attention (gaze fixation duration) would be focused more on the offender's upper (than lower) face area, especially the eyes and the eyebrows, to infer the degree to which the offender suffers, takes responsibility, and has empathy for the victim. In turn, we expected these inferences to positively predict the perceived sincerity of the apology. Additionally, we took into account the victims' a priori expectations regarding the sincerity of the apology and (positive) attitudes toward resocialization programs (ARPs). We expected both variables to enhance the above proposed process through which victims determine the sincerity of the apology. Fifty-eight students took the victim's role in a fictitious crime scenario and watched a video in which the offender offered a remorseful apology. We obtained eye tracking data to determine the participants' fixation and attention distribution. As expected, the participants' gaze fixated significantly longer on the upper face. The results also showed that their prior expectations, positive ARPs, and inferences of suffering and responsibility taking after the apology all positively predicted the perceived sincerity. However, unexpectedly, gaze duration was not directly associated with these inferences. The fixation duration on the upper face instead appeared to moderate how ARPs predicted inferences of responsibility taking. More concretely, the exploratory path model analyses revealed that when the participants had more positive a priori ARPs, the longer they focused on the offender's eyes and eyebrows and the more they concluded that he took responsibility for his actions (which in turn predicted more sincerity). However, for those with relatively negative ARPs, it was the other way around: the more they focused on the eyes and the eyebrows, the stronger they inferred that the offender did not take responsibility (which predicted less sincerity). Our findings demonstrate the vital role of the victims' a priori attitudes, expectations, and eye gaze behavior in understanding the reception and the evaluation of offenders' apologies. This study also suggests how novel technology can be used to investigate gaze behavior in the field of victim-offender mediation.

Rehabilitation and Re-socialization of Criminals in Iranian Criminal Law.

One of the concerns that always remain for the repentant criminal is the condition for his return to society. This concern may be so strong and effective that the criminal may seclude from the society due to the fear of its consequences and may return to crime. Therefore, paying attention to eliminating the social effect of the criminal conviction of criminals can return security to society and return the repentant criminals to normal life. So, all military and social institutions are effective in the re-socialization, in such a way that the re-socialization of criminals requires the provision of social platforms that starts with their own family and expands to society. The main concern of this research is how we can provide the favorable conditions for the re-socialization of repentant criminals that effectively realize the socialization goals. The Islamic Penal Code initiatives in 2013, despite the gaps in this regard, partly help to achieve such goals, but they are not enough. Therefore, the present article focused on the criminals' re-socialization and tried to raise the criminals' re-socialization both socially and criminally. The method was descriptive analytical. The result showed that the Islamic Penal Code, adopted in 2013 on the period of the subsequent effects, needs to be reformed, and the effective social institutions should be raised orderly in such a case.

Instrumentos de evaluación psicológica en el ámbito jurídico: Una aproximación a las prácticas profesionales en Uruguay / Psychological evaluation instruments in the juridical sphere: an approximation to the professional practices in Uruguay / Instrumentos de avaliação psicológica no âmbito jurídico: uma aproximação às práticas professionais no Uruguai

Resumen Objetivo: Este trabajo presenta los resultados preliminares de una encuesta realizada a psicólogos(as), para conocer las herramientas de evaluación que utilizan en el ámbito jurídico en el contexto local. Se realiza un primer sondeo de la utilización de instrumentos de evaluación en Uruguay, articulando con la experiencia de los sistemas de evaluación utilizados a nivel internacional basados en la evidencia y su eventual incorporación al sistema uruguayo. Metodología: se realizó a través de una encuesta difundida a nivel nacional, por medio de correo electrónico y redes sociales, dirigida a los profesionales egresados de la carrera de Psicología en universidades uruguayas, con la colaboración de instituciones públicas y privadas vinculadas al ejercicio. Resultados: Se evidencia una mayoritaria utilización de técnicas de tipo proyectivas y escasa administración de instrumentos específicos de valoración de riesgo de conducta violenta y reincidencia por los participantes. Conclusiones: se cuestiona la necesidad de revisión de los estándares de calidad científica en relación con los métodos de evaluación de las personas en conflicto con la ley en tanto se observa la ausencia de protocolos formales, accesibles y específicos que guíen los procedimientos de evaluación en el campo de la Psicología Jurídica respaldándose en la evidencia empírica.

Abstract Objective: this work presents the preliminary results of a survey conducted to psychologists to know the evaluation tools that they use in the juridical sphere in the local context. A first poll of the using of evaluation instruments in Uruguay was performed, articulating with the experience of the evaluation systems used at international level based on the evidence and its eventual incorporation to the Uruguayan system. Methodology: it was carried out through a survey released at national level, by means of email and social networks, addressed to the professionals graduated from the Psychology career in Uruguayan universities, with the collaboration of public and private institutions linked to the exercise. Results: there is evidence of a majority use of projective techniques and scarce management of specific instruments of risk assessment of the violent conduct and recidivism by the participants. Conclusions: it is questioned the need of revision of the standards of scientific quality regarding to the evaluation methods of the people in conflict with the law while it is observed the absence of formal, accessible and specific protocols that guide the procedures of evaluation in the field of the Juridical Psychology relying on empirical evidence.

Resumo Objetivo: este trabalho apresenta os resultados preliminares duma enquete realizada a psicólogos(as), para conhecer as ferramentas de avaliação que utilizam no âmbito jurídico no contexto local. Realiza-se uma primeira sondagem da utilização de instrumentos de avaliação no Uruguai, articulando com a experiência dos sistemas de avaliação utilizados a nível internacional baseados na evidência e a sua eventual incorporação ao sistema uruguaio. Metodologia: realizou-se através de uma enquete difundida a nível nacional, por meio de correio electrónico e redes sociais, dirigida aos profissionais egressos do curso de Psicologia em universidades uruguaias, com a colaboração de instituições públicas e privadas vinculadas ao exercício. Resultados: evidencia-se uma majoritária utilização de técnicas de tipo projetivas e escassa administração de instrumentos específicos de valoração de risco de conduta violenta e reincidência pelos participantes. Conclusões: questionase a necessidade de revisão dos padrões de qualidade científica em relação aos métodos de avaliação das pessoas em conflito com a lei enquanto se observa a ausência de protocolos formais, accessíveis e específicos que guiem os procedimentos de avaliação no campo da Psicologia Jurídica se respaldando na evidência empírica.

Constructing positive narrative identities in a forensic setting: a single case evaluation of phototherapy.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the use of a phototherapeutic technique called "Talking Pictures" within the forensic setting. This approach involves the use of a set of photographs to facilitate clients' disclosure, self-growth and promote the development of positive self-narratives. The use of art therapies and the construction of adaptive identity narratives have been proven to support desistance and increase resocialization in the prison population. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: A 42-year-old Italian male offender was met for six therapy sessions and invited to talk about his past, present and future through the use of photographs. Session transcripts were analysed using the software for linguistic analysis T-LAB. FINDINGS: Results show a progression in the language used during the sessions: in the beginning the client uses a denotative language with many concrete nouns and no emotional words, in subsequent sessions his speech begins to assume more symbolic connotations and emotional words are used to describe past traumas as well as to find new meanings to present events. Moreover, the fixity of the client's self-image is contrasted with the emergence of new sides to his personality encompassing agency and self-worth. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS: The study is based on a single case, therefore results cannot be generalised to the prison population; moreover, the absence of any follow-up and standardized measurements of the client's progression should be addressed by future research by both involving larger samples and including follow-up and quantitative measures of the study results. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The paper provides details on an innovative technique that might be used to explore the offenders' goods and values and to develop truly redemptive rehabilitation programmes. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: This paper adds to the scant literature on phototherapy in prisons and connects it with a reflection on desistance indicating that phototherapeutic interventions might be used to promote positive self-narratives, thus increasing desistance.

Reconstrucción de experiencias y percepciones propias de jóvenes habitantes de calle / Reconstruction of experiences and self-perceptions of homeless young people / Reconstrução da experiência e percepções próprias dos jovens em situação de rua

Resumen (analítico): En este artículo describimos los resultados de la investigación realizada en la Casa de Acogida para jóvenes de Medellín, trabajo en el que buscamos dar cuenta de la autopercepción de los individuos jóvenes en situación de calle que están en una etapa de recuperación, en relación con la forma en que los perciben los otros. Para ello, implementamos una metodología de investigación de tipo cualitativa, orientada por un enfoque fenomenológico que permitiera la reconstrucción de sus experiencias. En el diseño metodológico mezclamos técnicas experienciales con la realización de grupos focales, lo que nos permitió el levantamiento de la información. Entre los hallazgos presentamos las reflexiones que las personas jóvenes realizan sobre su proceso de resocialización, la estigmatización y las iniciativas relacionadas con el cambio de vida.

Abstract (analytical): This article describes the results of research carried out in the Medellin Youth Reception House. The study explored the self-perception of homeless youth who are now in the recovery phase, in terms of how they are perceived by others. A methodology of qualitative investigation using a phenomenological approach was applied and facilitated the reconstruction of their experiences. The information was gathered using a mix of experiential techniques and focus groups. The results of the study include the subjects' reflections on their process of re-socialization, stigmatization and initiatives related to how they changed their lives form. change of life are among the findings in this study.

Resumo (analítico): Neste artigo se descrevem os resultados da pesquisa realizada no Abrigo para jovens de Medellín, que procurou explicar a auto-percepção dos jovens moradores de rua que estão em uma fase de recuperação, em relação à forma como eles são percebidos pelos outros, para o qual foi implementada uma metodologia de pesquisa qualitativa guiada por uma abordagem fenomenológica que permitiria a reconstrução das suas experiências. No desenho metodológico foram misturadas técnicas experienciais com a realização de grupos focais que permitiram o levantamento da informação. Entre os resultados são apresentadas as reflexões que os jovens fizeram sobre o seu processo de ressocialização, a estigmatização e as iniciativas relacionadas com a mudança de vida.

Social Isolation Induces Rac1-Dependent Forgetting of Social Memory.

Social isolation (SI) has detrimental effects on human and animal cognitive functions. In particular, acute isolation in adult mice impairs social recognition memory (SRM). Previous accounts of this impairment have focused primarily on memory consolidation. However, the current study suggests that impaired SRM results from enhanced forgetting. SI accelerates SRM decay without affecting memory formation. The impairment is caused by elevated Rac1 activity in the hippocampus. Using adeno-associated-virus-based genetic manipulation, we found that inhibition of Rac1 activity blocked forgetting of SRM in isolated adult mice, whereas activation of Rac1 accelerated forgetting in group-housed mice. Moreover, resocialization reversed the accelerated forgetting following isolation in correlation with suppression of Rac1 activity. In addition, accelerated long-term potentiation (LTP) decay in isolated mice brain slices was rescued by inhibition of Rac1 activity. Taken together, the findings lead us to conclude that social memory deficits in isolated mice are mediated by enhanced Rac1-dependent forgetting.

Política Criminal Reactiva frente al tráfico, fabricación y porte de estupefacientes y su impacto negativo en la reincidencia de la población carcelaria / Reactive criminal policy to tackle the traffic, manufacture and possession of narcotic drug and its negative impact in the prison population recidivism / Política criminal reativa relacionada ao tráfico, à fabricação e ao porte de entorpecentes, e seu impacto negativo na reincidência da população prisional

Resumen El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar el impacto negativo que guarda la política criminal y los sistemas penitenciarios de Colombia, en especial frente aquellas personas que han cometido delitos relacionados con el narcotráfico, cuya persecución altamente represiva contra la fabricación, posesión o tráfico de estupefacientes, no ha tenido ningún efecto significativo en reducir las estructuras delictivas que se han generado en torno al negocio de narcóticos. Lo que ha generado, es un aumento de la población carcelaria, personas que presentan una alta probabilidad de recaída cuando recobran su libertad, -reincidencia delictiva-, motivada por diferentes factores; pero especialmente por el tiempo y la influencia negativa que les ha generado la prisión, ello derivado de las fallas estructurales dentro de las prisiones, lo cual frena la prevención especial positiva, a falta de un tratamiento de resocialización.

Abstract The objective of this work is to analyze the negative impact that the criminal policy and the Colombian penitentiary systems hold, mainly against people who have committed drug trafficking offences, whose highly repressive persecution against the manufacture, possession or narcotic drugs traffic, have not got any significant effect in criminal structures reduction. These criminal structures have been produced on the narco-trafficking business. This has generated an increase in the prison population. These people have a high probability of relapse upon release from prison -criminal recidivism-; it is incited by different factors, particularly the time and the negative influence of prison on them, due to structural problems within the prisons which slow down the special positive prevention, in the absence of a resocialization treatment.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o impacto negativo da política criminal e dos sistemas prisionais da Colômbia, em especial em relação àquelas pessoas que têm cometido crimes vinculados ao narcotráfico, cuja perseguição, altamente repressiva contra a fabricação, posse ou tráfico de entorpecentes, não tem tido nenhum efeito significativo na redução das estruturas delitivas do negócio dos narcóticos. No entanto, verifica-se um aumento da população prisional, composta por pessoas que apresentam uma probabilidade alta de reincidir quando recobram a liberdade - reincidência delitiva -, motivada por diferentes fatores, sobretudo pelo tempo e pela influência negativa causada pela prisão, devido às falhas estruturais dentro das cadeias, que impedem a prevenção especial positiva, a falta de um tratamentode ressocialização.

[Psycho-educational programs for people with schizophrenia and their relatives, as an element of rehabilitation]. / Psikhoobrazovatel'nye programmy dlia bol'nykh shizofreniei i ikh rodstvennikov kak élement reabilitatsii.

AIM: To assess the effectiveness of a psycho-educational program in patients with schizophrenia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A psycho-educational program, which included 12 sessions (1.5h each session), was administered to 30 patients (23 women and 7 men), aged under 40 years (90%). The effectiveness of the program was estimated by comparing the proportion of hospitalizations within 12 months after its implementation, as well as by the average duration of hospitalizations. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There was a decrease in relapses of mental disorders requiring hospitalization (from 4.9 to 3.8) and a reduction in the length of hospital stay for treatment (from 67 to 35 days). Psychoeducation programs can and should be implemented in practice of psychiatric services as an effective solution when dealing with a patient with schizophrenia and his family.

Assessment of Improvement in Oxidative Stress Indices with Resocialization in Memory Retrieval in Y-Maze in Male Rats.

INTRODUCTION: Memory deficit is an important issue in some psychiatric diseases either as a primary symptom or as a comorbid symptom. Factors that determine the decline or improvement of memory are an important subject to reduce the severity of these diseases. METHODS AND MATERIALS: In this study, 32 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups: social (control), isolation, resocialization for 3 days, and resocialization for 7 days. Isolation occurred for 14 days. Resocialization groups were resocialized for 3 or 7 days after isolation. In the social group, there was no intervention with normal socializing among the rats. In the isolation group, rats were isolated with no resocialization. In all 4 groups, after performing the Y-maze, the rats' brains were removed to assess oxidative stress status in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. RESULTS: Y-maze performance improved after 3 and 7 days of resocialization. However, oxidative stress status for malondialdehyde, glutathione and nitrite/nitrate returned to normal levels except in 2 experiments after 7 days of resocialization. In addition, in 2 experiments, just glutathione in the prefrontal cortex and nitrite/nitrate in the hippocampus after 3 days of resocialization improved. CONCLUSIONS: A return to normal levels in all types of antioxidant markers in the resocialization groups is not the only factor for improving memory deficits resulting from isolation. Resocialization may also be activating other regulatory mechanisms besides an antioxidant defense.

Factores psicosociales que influyen en los procesos de vinculación, adherencia e inclusión a los procesos de resocialización, por parte de los habitantes de calle de la ciudad de Medellín / Psychosocial factors that influence the processes of linkage, adhesion and inclusion to the processes of resocialization, by the homeless people of the city of Medellín

En este estudio se describen los factores psicosociales que influyen en los procesos de vinculación, adherencia e inclusión de los habitantes de calle a los programas de atención y de este modo hacer visibles características que podrían tomarse en cuenta para el diseño e implementación de estos sistemas de atención y políticas públicas. El estudio tiene un diseño cualitativo y método etnográfico. El objetivo general que se propuso fue Describir los factores psicosociales que influyen en los procesos de vinculación, adherencia e inclusión de los habitantes de calle a programas y procesos de recuperación y resocialización. Como resultados, se describen las categorías de Factores Psicosociales, Procesos de inclusión y Redes de apoyo, que abordan los factores de protección y riesgo de la población. Entre los factores de riesgo más predominantes para la habitanza en calle, externos al sujeto, están la violencia intrafamiliar, pobreza, asistencialismo, conflicto intraurbano y el trato de los operadores terapéuticos. Entre los factores de riesgo internos al sujeto, se hallaron el consumo, abuso y dependencia de sustancias psicoactivas, discapacidad física o cognitiva, ruptura de vínculos familiares y sociales, auto-exclusión. Entre los factores de protección encontrados, se pueden identificar algunos externos como las redes familiares, institucionales y de pareja. A nivel subjetivo, el factor espiritual y los sistemas de creencias parecen tener un rol preponderante.

In this study we describe the psychosocial factors that influence the bonding, adherence and inclusion processes of street people to care programs and in this way make visible characteristics that could be taken into account for the design and implementation of these systems attention and public policies. The study has a qualitative design and ethnographic method. The general objective that was proposed was to describe the psychosocial factors that influence the linking processes, adherence and inclusion of street people to programs and processes of recovery and re-socialization. As results, the categories of Psychosocial Factors, Inclusion Processes and Support Networks are described, which address the protection and risk factors of the population. Among the most prevalent risk factors for street habitancy, external to the subject, are intrafamily violence, poverty, assistance, intra-urban conflict and the treatment of therapeutic operators. Among the risk factors internal to the subject, were the consumption, abuse and dependence of psychoactive substances, physical or cognitive disability, rupture of family and social ties, self-exclusion. Among the protection factors found, some external factors can be identified, such as family, institutional and couple networks. At the sub- jective level, the spiritual factor and belief systems seem to have a preponderant role.